,
and of _a_ short, as in _plaid;_
ay has the sound of _a_ long, as in _play, betray, say,_ etc.;
oa has the sound of _o_ long, as in _moan, foam, coarse,_ etc.
There are also many peculiar and occasional substitutions of sounds as in
_any_ and _many_ (a as e), _women_ (o as i), _busy_ (u as i),
_said_ (ai as e), _people_ (eo as e:), _build_ (u as i), _gauge_ (au as
a:),
_what_ (a as o), etc.
When any of these combinations are to be pronounced as separate vowels,
in two syllables, two dots should be placed over the second, as in _naive_.
4. The chief modifications of the elementary sounds are the following:
before _r_ each of the vowels _e, i, o, u,_ and _y_ has almost the same
sound (marked like the Spanish n) as in _her, birth, honor, burr,_ and
_myrtle; o_ before _r_ sometimes has the sound of _aw,_ as in _or, for,_
etc.;
in unaccented syllables, each of the long vowels has a slightly shortened
sound, as in f_a_tality, n_e_gotiate, int_o_nation, ref_u_tation,
indicated by a dot above the sign for the long sound; (in a few words,
such as d_i_gress, the sound is not shortened, however);
long _a_ (a) is slightly modified in such words as _care, fare, bare,_
etc.
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