In simple derivatives a single final consonant following a
single vowel in a syllable that receives an accent is doubled when
another syllable beginning with a vowel is added.
Rule 8. When accent comes on a syllable standing next to the last,
it has a tendency to lengthen the vowel; but on syllables farther from
the end, the tendency is to shorten the vowel without doubling the
consonant. For example, _na'tion_ (_a_ long), but _na'tional_
(_a_ short); _gram'mar,_ but _grammat'ical_.
Rule 9. Silent _e_ at the end of a word is usually dropped
when a syllable beginning with a vowel is added. The chief
exceptions are words in which the silent _e_ is retained to
preserve the soft sound of _c_ or _g_.
Rule 10. Plurals are regularly formed by adding _s_; but if the
word end in a sibilant sound (_sh, zh, z, s, j, ch, x_), the plural
is formed by adding _es,_ which is pronounced as a separate syllable.
If the word end{s} in a sibilant sound followed by silent _e,_
that _e_ unites with the _s_ to form a separate syllable.
Examples: _seas, cans; boxes, churches, brushes; changes, services_.
Rule 11.
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