sg. of _dagr_
(day), _t?™kinn_ (taken), _g?™nginn_ (gone), inf. _taka_, _ganga_.
_i_ appears instead of _e_, and _u_ instead of _o_ before a nasal
followed by another cons.: cp. _binda_ (to bind), _bundinn_
(bound) with _bresta_ (burst) ptc. prt. _brostinn_.
24. There is also a *u*-mutation, caused by a following _u_,
which has often been dropped:
*a* ... *?«* :-- _dagr_ (day) dat. pl. _d?«gum_; _land_ (land) pl.
_l?«nd_.
25. Unaccented _?«_ becomes _u_, as in _sumur_ pl. of _sumar_
(summer), _k?«llu?°u_ (they called), infin. _kalla_.
Fracture
26. The only vowel that is affected by fracture is _e_: when
followed by original _a_ it becomes _ja_, when followed by
original _u_ it becomes _j?«_, as in _jar?°ar_ gen. of _j?«r?°_
(earth)[4]. When followed by original _i_, the _e_ is, of
course, mutated to _i_, as in _skildir_ plur. nom. of _skj?«ldr_
(shield), gen. _skjaldar_.
[Footnote 4: Cp. German _erde_.]
Gradation
27. By gradation the vowels are related as follows:--
*a* .
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